 Liquid scintillators are used for the
detection of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and neutron radiation and for pulse shape
discrimination applications (PSD). Due to a large content of hydrogen atoms in such
scintillators, the fast neutrons can be detected with high efficiency. The introduction of
organometallic additives makes it possible to improve the efficiency of slow neutron
detection. Liquid scintillators have a short decay time. Fast liquid scintillators can be
effectively used to detect high-intensity radiation flows and determine the radiation
scintillators interaction coordinates. Since liquid scintillators are transparent to their
own radiation, they can be used as large tanks. To increase their light yield, liquid
scintillators can be deoxidized by blowing an inert gas, such as nitrogen. They can be
molded to various shapes according to the shape of detectors, and a radiation source can
be placed within the scintillator. Liquid scintillators are suitable for the detection of 14C
and tritium in biological objects and aqueous medium. Liquid scintillators have a low
cost.
|
Selector guide.
Scintillator
|
gRay
|
Fast n |
Slow n |
PSD |
Tanks |
High Flash Point
|
Loading |
Water soluble
|
Comments
|
Analogies
|
LS-5
LS-17 |
+
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
Detection of all types
of ionization beams |
None
BC-505 |
LS-8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
Short-track beams
registration at small aqueous samples |
NE 220 |
LS-11 |
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
+ |
Gel scintillator
|
NE 221 |
LS-13
LS-17N
LS-19A
|
+
+
+ |
+
+
+ |
|
+
+
+ |
|
+
+ |
|
|
Neutrons detection on
the intensive gamma background |
NE 213A
BC-501A
NE 213
BC-519 |
LS-52 |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
|
+ |
|
|
"Hydrogen-free" |
NE 226
BC-509 |
LS-58
LS-59
LS-63
|
+ |
+
+ |
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
0.5%Gd
2.5%
Cd 0.5% In |
|
Neutron spectrometry
|
NE 343
BC-525
NE 312
None |
LS-61 |
+
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
5% Pb |
|
Low energy gamma and
X-rays |
NE 314
BC-551 |
LS-62 |
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
10% Sn |
|
Gamma and X-rays
|
NE 316 BC-553 |
LS-67
LS-68
LS-70
|
+
+
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fast scintillator for
detection of high intensity radiation |
None
None
None |
LS-84 |
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
+ |
Short-track particles
detection in aqueous media |
Unisolve I
(Koch-Light) |
LS-97
LS-98 |
+
+ |
|
|
|
+
+ |
+
+ |
|
|
Low cost, mineral
oil base |
NE 235
BC-517H
NE 236
BC-517P |
|
Physical Properties of Liquid Scintillators
Scintil-
lator
|
Density,
g·cm–3
|
Refractive
index |
Boiling
point,oC
|
Flash
point,oC
|
Light
output
%
stilbene |
Wave-
length of
maximum
emission,
nm |
Decay
time,
ns
|
C Atoms
per cm3
x 1022 |
Ratio
of H/C
atoms
|
LS-5
|
1.02
|
1.616
|
245
|
106
|
70
|
445
|
|
4.75
|
0.89
|
LS-8
|
1.034
|
1.42
|
105
|
–10
|
70
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-11
|
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
75
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-13
|
1.02
|
1.616
|
245
|
106
|
80
|
400
|
|
4.75
|
0.89
|
LS-17
|
0.86
|
1.494
|
139
|
29
|
85
|
365
|
|
3.90
|
1.25
|
LS-17N
|
0.874
|
1.505
|
|
24
|
65
|
395
|
|
3.90
|
1.25
|
LS-19A
|
0.8–0.9
|
|
>300
|
>120
|
45
|
400
|
|
|
|
LS-52
|
1.61
|
1.377
|
80
|
none
|
25/35*
|
390
|
|
3.14
|
0.99
(F/C) |
LS-58
|
1.016
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
70
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-59
|
1.016
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
45
|
400
|
|
|
|
LS-61
|
1.016
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
55
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-62
|
1.016
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
70
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-63
|
1.016
|
1.62
|
245
|
106
|
70
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-67
|
0.87
|
1.497
|
111
|
5
|
35
|
395
|
0.67
|
3.97
|
1.14
|
LS-68
|
0.87
|
1.497
|
111
|
5
|
45
|
395
|
0.60
|
3.97
|
1.14
|
LS-70
|
0.87
|
1.497
|
111
|
5
|
30
|
380
|
0.44
|
3.97
|
1.14
|
LS-84
|
|
1.547
|
|
|
45
|
420
|
|
|
|
LS-97
|
0.77
|
|
230–330
|
>65
|
50/60*
|
390
|
|
|
|
LS-98
|
0.77
|
|
230–330
|
>65
|
35/45*
|
440
|
|
|
|
* Saturated with Nitrogen |
|